When is it important for innovators to protect their intellectual Essay

When is it significant for pioneers to secure their licensed innovation Compare and difference three unique ways to deal with the assurance of scholarly pr - Essay Example Insurance for protected innovation prompts a solid rivalry and improves worth and nature of items, in this way advancing monetary development by methods for mechanical turn of events and enhanced social progression. It opens new exchange roads and improve way of life. The legislatures need to act and guarantee execution of licensed innovation framework to support organizations in a burglary free condition to empower consistent development (Sebban, Guy 2005). Licensed innovation is the name given to any new item or plan or process and inventive gem or writing. Any creation or advancement includes devoted exertion with respect to an innovator who spends extended periods in innovative work. Moreover, a lot of use is likewise caused towards improvement of new and creative items or structures. If not ensured and free replicating is permitted, the creator or trailblazer would before long get de-propelled, carrying stagnation to encourage improvement. In this way, insurance of protected innovation accept vital significance. Licensed innovation assurance is basic to all organizations to abuse their new thoughts and articles in the market and forestall robbery and burglary by others. All fine arts additionally should be attributed for their innovativeness to upgrade social development (Sebban, Guy 2005). The assurance strategies can be comprehensively delegated ‘formal or institutional’ and ‘strategic’. Formal insurance strategies incorporate patent, competitive innovation, exchange imprint, and copyright, while key techniques spread understandings of privacy, mystery, lead and multifaceted nature (Iandiorio, Joseph S 1995). In the resulting sections, we would talk about, in detail, two conventional techniques, in particular, patent and copyright, and one vital strategy, to be specific, classification understanding, bringing out contrasts, benefits and bad marks of each. A ‘patent’ is an award from a country’s government that gives security or insurance to another development or advancement by an

My Parent Child Observation At A Restaurant Essay Example For Students

My Parent Child Observation At A Restaurant Essay I did my parent-youngster perception at a café in Batesville Indiana. I went to a little family claimed place called Wagner’s. I did my perception over Thanksgiving break after my family chop our Christmas tree down. This happened on Saturday November 28th around 6pm. This is a spot that I am generally acquainted with. I have been going there with my family consistently since I was a small kid. It is a truly little eatery. While one side has a bar, the opposite side is all the more family arranged. It is a youngster cordial spot that has a little territory that babies and small children can play. It has shading books and little toys. The guardians I was watching were both white. The mother seemed, by all accounts, to be in her mid thirties. She had long earthy colored hair and was about normal tallness. She was wearing pants and a sweater with boots. She appeared to be a by and large glad individual. She grinned and chuckled a great deal. She had all the earmarks of being extremely put resources into and mindful to her kid. She gave her fortifications and consistently rehashed things that her little girl would state. The dad was in all likelihood in his mid thirties. He had short earthy colored hair. He was additionally tall. He was wearing pants and a sweatshirt with rec center shoes. He likewise appeared to be entirely cheerful however he was not at into what his little girl was stating and doing. He would react in the event that she straightforwardly asked him something or said â€Å"dad,† however he didn't make a special effort to speak with her. Their little girl was a baby in all probability around the age of three. She had earthy colored wavy hair. She was wearing pink spotted stockings with a dark long sleeve shirt with shines on it. She was additionally wearing little boots. She was by all accounts truly content with being at the eatery however she had one short fit of rage, which is really run of the mill for her age. . .r can be troublesome, in light of the fact that they are ordinarily not ready to coordinate and will make a scene to get her direction. Indeed, even through the young lady made a scene at the eatery, her folks didn't surrender and adhered to what they said. This is something I feel is difficult for guardians to do, particularly when in an eatery with different families viewing. One way that I would apply the data I gained from this perception to my genuine would be to not be so critical of guardians when their youngsters pitch fits in the eatery. They are likely doing all that they can do to stop that fit of rage and it is likely significantly more disappointing for them than it is for me. Furthermore, I discovered that occasionally it is imperative to let youngsters do what they need, however now and then guardians need to stand firm and say no. It is imperative to remain steady once the parent has settled on a choice.

Cover Letter Sample And Tips That Will Catch An Employers Attention

Cover Letter Sample And Tips That Will Catch An Employers Attention If you are reading this, you are probably at that point where there is a promising job advertised and you have to submit your résumé along with a cover letter before you can be considered.If you are anything like most people, you are probably wondering why you have to write the cover letter in the first place. Does anybody ever read them anyway?Let me ask you this:Have you ever been on a blind date?It can be pretty tough on the nerves, right?You are there in your finest attire and in your best behavior across the table from someone you know absolutely nothing about.If all goes well, the two of you will hit it off. You both have a wonderful time, and you are genuinely happy to do it again. You exchange contact details and you both look forward to the next time you will be together. However, that’s not a guarantee.You could also find that you have absolutely nothing in common with your date, hence the few minutes you’ll be together are full of awkward moments as each one of you t ries to see things in the other’s perspective. You are both anxious the whole time and can’t wait for the evening to end.Now, imagine if you had a cheat sheet before going for that date.Something with details about the person you are going to meet, what they like, what they enjoy doing and basically the things that make them who they are.Wouldn’t it help ease the tension and the awkwardness during the date as you try to find common ground?Now imagine if you had this cheat sheet, and you could use it to decide whether to go for that date or not. Wouldn’t it be even better?In the corporate world, interviews are just like blind dates.Employers meet with potential employees and try to gather enough information about them that will help them decide if they’ll be a good fit for the open position. Employees on the other hand, use them to try and find out whether or not working for the employer will be a good idea.However, this time, both parties have those little cheat sheets and they do their screenings to decide whether to have the interview or not.For the potential employees, the cheat sheet is in the job description.For the hiring managers, it is in the potential employees’ résumé and cover letters.Since the résumé is more of an outline of your experience and qualifications, it is the cover letter that will show your employers who you really are as a person. It is the introduction that will help the hiring managers decide whether they would like to meet you or not.So yes, interviewers do read cover letters. In fact, for some hiring managers they form the most important part of your application. Besides, how else would you get an opportunity to introduce yourself to your prospective employer and tell them why they should consider you for the open position?You may be the most promising candidate on the list of applicants, but if your cover letter makes you look unoriginal, your chances of getting an invite to the face to face interview are very slim .On the flip side, an invitation to the face to face interview because of a good cover letter can give you a fighting chance even if you are not the most qualified candidate on the list.Writing a good cover letter may seem easy in theory. Use good grammar, highlight your strengths, show how you are a good fit for their pain points, etc. However, when it comes to the actual writing, things can get a bet difficult.How do you talk about your personality, skills and experience in a few paragraphs? What information should you include and what should you omit? What tone should you use?When faced with these challenges, don’t make the mistake of sending a generic cover letter downloaded from the internet and full of clichés.The good news is that writing a good cover letter doesn’t have to be difficult. With a few guidelines, you can craft the cover letter that will get your application above the other candidates and make the hiring manager want to meet you. But before we get to that, here’s a question common among job applicants.SHOULD YOU ALWAYS SEND A COVER LETTER?Some job advertisements will ask you to send your application to the hiring manager without telling you what exactly to include in the application. Others will simply ask for your résumé while others will tell you to send a cover letter and a résumé.Here are four reasons why you should always send a cover letter.A cover letter helps you establish rapport with your prospective employer. You get to tell them about the person behind the academic qualifications and work experience.It gives you a chance to reveal your personality so the hiring manager can get a better idea of your abilities and picture you in the position.A cover letter is a very important marketing tool that will help you deliver your value proposition.You get a chance to tell a story. This is the place to include information that doesn’t fit in a résumé. For example, you can easily speak about a caree r change and use it to your advantage on a cover letter.WHEN NOT TO SEND A COVER LETTERWith all the benefits that come with sending a cover letter, are there times when you can get away without one?We could only find two circumstances:When the employer specifically indicates that you should not send a cover letter (It could be a test to see how good you are at following instructions)When the application is done in an online platform with no provision for uploading a cover letterAlthough the process of writing a cover letter is time consuming, it could give you an edge over the other applicants and help you land more interviews.THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW BEFORE YOU SIT DOWN TO WRITE YOUR COVER LETTERNow that we know how important your cover letter is, let’s take a look at some of the things that you need to know before writing it.What is a cover letter? A cover letter is a short, one page letter that should be sent send alongside your résumé in every job application you make.Why do I need a cover letter? Although a good résumé has all the information about your skills, accomplishments and basically what you can do, it does not do a very good job showing them who you are. This is what the cover letter will do. It’s your chance to reveal your personality and stand out from the other skilled and experienced candidates.What information should be in a cover letter? The rule of the thumb here is to include information that makes you unique. Something that gives the reader information that will not be found on your résumé. However, this information needs to be positive. Don’t go out there highlighting the biggest failures in your life.Not all cover letters are the same. Your cover letter could be a cold call asking for employment, it could be a response to a job posting or it could be a response to a recruiter’s advertisement. Each of these cover letters need to be worded differently so don’t send the same old cover letter to all employers changing only t he company name.VITAL ELEMENTS EVERY COVER LETTER SHOULD HAVESomeone once said that if something is worth doing, it’s worth doing well. So if you are going to include that cover letter in your application, then it must have these elements:Proof that you did your homeworkBefore any position is advertised, there has to be a vacuum that needs filling in the company. Otherwise they wouldn’t go through the trouble of hiring.With this in mind, it is your duty to find out what vacuum needs filling in the organization. Try to find out exactly why they are hiring so that you can identify the kind of person they are looking for. Sometimes, there is enough information about this on the requirements on the job posting. Other times, you will have to dig deeper.You can also look for information about the company that most people don’t have. Feel free to flatter your potential employer by highlighting an achievement that the company has made in the past. You get bonus points if the achieveme nt touches the position that you are hoping to fill.Proof that you fit the billAfter you have made it clear that you understand what your prospective employer is looking for, the next step is to prove to them that you are the ideal candidate for their needs. Explain to them what you can do for the company in this role based on your skills, academic qualifications and work experience.One approach that is very effective in doing this is drafting a letter known as the “T-Letter”. Like the name suggests, this letter does not follow the conventional design where you explain your qualifications using short blocks of text. Here’s how to do it:The body of this letter is comprised of the following three parts:A short introduction telling them who you are and how you heard about the position.Two columns of text in a table-like structure. The left column should have the heading “Your Requirements” and the one on the right should have the heading “My Requirements”. Use the exact w ords used in their job posting and show them on the “My Requirements” column why your skills, education and experience match the requirements.A short paragraph thanking them and asking for a response.The layout is bold and aggressive, but it is also uncommon so it can easily set you apart from the competition. It also shows them that you thought about their needs and how they can be solved by your abilities.Your passion about the jobIf there is one thing that is very attractive to recruiters, it is passion. Somebody passionate is always the best bet in filling the position. The reason for this is simple â€" you don’t want to hire somebody who will need pushing before doing any job you give them.The best way to do this is showing that you are happy to have stumbled across the job posting and that you are excited about the position.For example, if it is an accounting position, you can say something like this: “Ever since I was a small child, I have always been a numbers person . I remember representing my school and winning trophies countless times in math contests. When working with numbers, I feel like I’m in a world of my own. This passion shows in my results because it enables me to see the finest details.” Then you can go ahead and list some of your achievements.However you decide to do it, make sure that they see that you will be highly motivated and pumped when going about your duties.HOW TO MAKE YOUR COVER LETTER STAND OUTNow that we know what to include in your cover letter, let’s look at some tips that will score you some points with recruiters.It’s not about what the company can do for youNo matter how much you need that job, talking about how happy you’ll be if they accept you for the position is not going to help you. They already know that you need the job. What they are more interested in, is knowing what you have that can benefit the company. So tell them about what you will be bringing to the table.Don’t apologize for skills t hat you lackYou might find yourself in a situation where you don’t meet all the requirements listed in the job posting. Don’t say something like “Despite my limited experience with product development…” Instead, choose to focus on your strengths. Talk about the areas where you thrive and show them your enthusiasm for the job.Use numbers to talk about your past experiencesWere you able to double your department’s sales in your old company? Put it there. Were you able to introduce a number of new products to the market? Tell them how many. Numbers show potential employers that you can deliver results. And that’s all they are seeking.Be open to different formatsJust because it’s called a cover letter doesn’t mean that it has to follow the plain old structure that’s found on most cover letters. You can always try new formats if they are relevant for the position. You can do anything from the “T-Letter” mentioned above to something more dramatic like a video or bu llet points in your cover letter. The important thing here is not to overdo.Make sure it is something your recruiters will deem fit. A graphic designer can add media to her cover letter and be deemed as smart and creative. For an accountant applying to a more traditional company, media won’t work. The goal is to create something unique enough to get your recruiters to think “This guy really gets it!”Be yourselfBe honest and genuine in your writing. You don’t want to create a picture of someone you are not. It could get you to the interview, but it won’t give you the job.Mirror your company’s voiceSpend some time on the company’s website and try to understand the things they value most. Read as much of the text there to get a sense of their language, tone and culture then mirror this in your cover letter.Have someone look at itOnce you are done with your cover letter, it’s always a good idea to have a friend look at it. Ask if it gets them excited while selling you as the best candidate for the position. If these two objectives are not accomplished, revisit the cover letter.Keep it brief and clearRecruiters receive hundreds and sometimes thousands of cover letters that are supposed to be read. With more than a hundred cover letters to read, wouldn’t you want them to be short and sweet? In the same way, your recruiters want to save time so don’t beat around the bush.Address the hiring manager by nameWords like “To Whom it May Concern” or “Dear Sir/Madam” will sound very generic. So dig up and try to find the hiring manager’s name and include it in the cover letter. Be sure to properly address them e.g. “Dear Mr. John Doe” or “Dear Ms. Jane Doe”.Do more than just telling them why you are qualifiedAnybody can come up with reasons why they think they are qualified for a position. Your recruiter needs to be sure that you can actually do what you say you can. The best way to convince them? Illustrate. Tell a story of how you help ed solve a problem in your previous workplace.Don’t repeat your résumeThere is a reason why you were asked to send your résumé and cover letter. Your cover letter should have information that you won’t find on your résumé. Use it to reveal your personality. Be as creative as possible. The main goal here is to stand out while being yourself.You will never bore someone into hiring youDo I need to explain this?SAMPLE COVER LETTERSLet’s finish off by looking at two sample cover letters. You can also check out this cover letter sample.Sample 1John Doe,32 Railway Street,Pasadena, CA 32456.[Phone Number][Date]Mr. Andrew Smith,Human Resources Manager,ABC Company,65 Regent Street.Pasadena, CA 32456.RE: Sales Manager Opening at ABCDear Mr. Smith,I was excited to read about your opening for a sales manager, and I hope to be invited for an interview.Ever since my days in college, I’ve lived my life around one simple principle: Get better every day. I’m that person who is always l ooking for ways to improve inefficient processes. My desire to work smarter makes me strive to find ways of boosting the productivity of everyone working around me.This mindset has earned me three promotions in my current company and I hope to put it to good use at ABC. Last December, I kicked ABC’s top salesman from his position and he hasn’t seen it ever since. I believe I’m now ready for my next big challenge and I think the sales manager position at ABC might just be it.I’m thrilled to think that there is a possibility of me being a part of ABC’s sales team and would love the opportunity to meet and talk about the value that I can bring aboard. Thanks for your time and looking forward to hearing from you.Sincerely,John Doe.Sample 2Jane Doe,32 Railway Street,Pasadena, CA 32456.[Phone Number][Date] NJYTHMr. Andrew Smith,Human Resources Manager,ABC Company,65 Regent Street.Pasadena, CA 32456.RE: Makeup Stylist Opening at ABC NewsDear Mr. Smith,It is with great enthusiasm that I would like to submit my application for the Makeup Stylist position at ABC News. As you can see from my resume, I have more than 10 years’ experience as a personal stylist, hence I have no doubt that my capabilities will meet and exceed the expectations for this position.I have been giving my family and friends free style advice since I was 10, so you can imagine how excited I was when I read about the Makeup Stylist Position at ABC. In my current role as a personal stylist for DEF Marketing, it has been my duty to prepare every single one of models before they hit the set.I have worked with both male and female models for both casual and formal settings so you can be sure that I will be able to make the news anchors at ABC News shine in front of the cameras.Thank you for your consideration. I look forward to meeting with you soon.Best Regards,Jane Doe.

Essay on The End of the Cold War - 1634 Words

The end of the Cold War brought about the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, paving the way for an unprecedented new paradigm – one characterised by the end of hostilities between the two dominant ideologies: Soviet communism and American liberal capitalism. This dominant new paradigm encouraged the homogenisation of ideas, in the form of exchanging ethos and values along former cultural, ideological and geographical divides. As such, this integration of world societies has earned the title ‘globalisation’, forcing the global community to appear so united as to warrant the metaphor of a global village. (Note: This paragraph pains me to read – I will eventually re-write it.) Few contemporary phenomena elicit such academic and†¦show more content†¦In truth, its history dates back as far as the sixteenth century, following the first great expansion of European capitalism, which resulted in slave trade, colonialism and neo-colonialism (Ezema, 2009). Throughout history, world powers have continually sought to perpetuate their way of life: from the philosophy and mythology of the Greeks, the political ideologies and linguistics of the Romans, and the art and architecture of the Italian Renaissance (Daghrir, 2013). Thus, it comes as no surprise that the aftermath of the post-war era, which saw the collapse of Soviet communism and the emergence of the United States as the sole hegemon, saw the aggressive spread of American ideals, values, and beliefs. Indeed, just as American goods flooded world markets in the post-World War II era; American culture now penetrates every continent through the aggressive development of mass communications, trade expansio n and information technology. The nature of imperialism in the modern world has drastically changed; it has transcended from explicit military strength to economic, political, cultural and linguistic dimensions (Haque, 2011). Many anti-globalisation scholars argue that contemporary imperialist powers have turned to symbolic means of control, which are facilitated by the integration of Western-dominated global telecommunications systems and theShow MoreRelatedThe End Of Cold War2804 Words   |  12 PagesThe End of Cold War: An Analysis Cold War should be considered as one of the most important events that stirred the global political world and it should be considered as an event the end of which reshaped the socio-economic and political structure of myriads of nations across the globe. The end of the Cold War ensured the demise of the Soviet instigated communism and the rise of democracy once again. But it should be noted that just like the emergence of the Cold War the end of the Cold War was notRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War1694 Words   |  7 PagesThe end of the cold war, is often considered as marking the dawn of a fundamentally different political environment. This change in environment, has brought about new salient questions by scholars and policy makers about the relevance of nuclear weapons in the world. In his article, ‘learning to love the bomb’ Jonathan Tepperman calls president Obama’s plan to rid the world off nuclear weapons wrong, dreamy, unrealistic and a big mistake. I foun d this article interesting as it seems rather paradoxicalRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War930 Words   |  4 PagesThe end of the Cold War marks more than just the end of the arms race, between the Soviet Union and the United States, it also marks the weakening of communism. Communism, the greatest enemy to the west during the Cold War had to be put down at any cost, this meant supporting militaristic dictatorships that were against communism. The weakening of communism, however, ignited Global Democratic Revolutions in which the people sought to gain the power back from the government. These revolutions wereRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War Essay1740 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The most important turning point in contemporary history was propitiated by the end of the Cold War, when one of the fields of the bipolar era disappeared, opening the way for a unipolar world under American imperial hegemony. The United States immediately began to use its unquestionable superiority, seeking to transfer the conflicts to the military confrontation. The apex of this policy of militarization of conflicts was in Afghanistan, Iraq and Libya (Missiroli, 2015). Although inRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War Essay4338 Words   |  18 PagesAbstract: This article discusses the end of the Cold War, covering the period from Reagan?s inauguration to the reunification of Germany, which marked the end of the last remnant in Europe of the Cold War. It looks at several factors that brought the conflict to a close: arms control, human rights issues, and ongoing conflicts in Latin America between the Soviet Union and the United States. The most important meetings and summits between the United States and the Soviet Union are discussed, includingRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War1435 Words   |  6 PagesDespite the hope for democracy and political stability in the last two decades, crises and armed conflicts remain a serious impediment to development in many countries. Moreover, if some specialists say that the end of the Cold War at the beginning of the 1990s spelled the end of conflicts created through the East-West confrontation, the following years have shown the predominance of intra-state crises, thus forcing the United Nations (UN) to review its strategies for peace and security. In extremelyRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War1069 Words   |  5 PagesAt the end of the Cold War, a more widespread interest in post conflict reconstruction was becoming more prevalent. The main components of this interest during the post reconciliation period were accountability and reconciliation. To facilitate this in two different post conflict environments, two respective trib unals were established. These tribunals were known as the ICTY (The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, est.1993) and ICTR (International Criminal Tribunal for RwandaRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War2747 Words   |  11 PagesThe United Nations was handed the sacred duty of, in its own words, â€Å"to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war.† While the UN was able to prevent another great war, and to an extent other large regional wars, it has still not met its key tenet of saving generations from the scourge of war. I believe that the UN has failed to promote peace successfully in the world, and its job as facilitator of peace hasn’t been met when countless conflicts have continued all over the globe. I believeRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War928 Words   |  4 Pages The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union were heralded by many as the end of history. Economic and political liberalism, it was argued, had triumphed over all other political and economic systems and was thus going to usher the world into an era of endless freedom and stability. This new global system, bounded by the principles of democracy and free market capitalism, was promoted as being the panacea for the liberation of the individual from the ills and control of old bureaucraciesRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War Essay2178 Words   |  9 PagesThe end of the Cold War created new dimensions for bilateral and multilateral international relations, including the U.S.-Vietnam relations. From the demand of normalizing the bilateral diplomatic ties, the U.S. detailed a four-phase roadmap in April 1991, which associated closely with resolving the Vietnam’s military involvement in the Cambodian conflict, and the U.S. prisoners of war/missing in action (POW/M IA) issue during the war in Vietnam. In 1995, the U.S. and Vietnam officially announced

Title the Outsiders- by Se Hinton Why Gangs Portrayed in...

Gangs. This is what is portrayed in SE Hinton s novel, The Outsiders. Two different gangs from opposite ends of the social ladder clash in this epic novel of social tension between two rival groups, the Socs and the Greasers. The main character, 14-year-old Ponyboy, is a Greaser who lives under the cycle of poverty and endless pressure from the Socs. They are the upper class Westside crowd who are accepted in society. The Greasers, in contrast, struggle to put food on the table and are social outcasts. SE Hinton has mentioned about gangs several times in her novel. But what really defines a gang? According to some, it is, A group of young people who spend time together for social reasons. While others define gangs as, A group of people†¦show more content†¦Turfs, are the areas in which the gangs dwell. They can be marked, but are usually known by word of mouth, as in The Outsiders. When Ponyboy and Johnny came across the drunken Socs, Ponyboy commented how this was their gro und. The Socs also acknowledged that it indeed was. The fear, or more respect, factor also applies here. The residents within a certain gang s turf usually respect the gang, or fear them. An example was when the two gangs had a showdown, Steve commented that no one would dare call the cops, because there would be a manhunt from both sides. Though they didn t urinate to mark their territory, turf is essential for a gang. The rivalry between other gangs is made prominent at the beginning of the book when Ponyboy gets jumped by a group of Socs. The feud between the Greasers and the Socs is long lived, though they are merely divided by social classes. The Greasers get jumped by the Socs for their endless amusement. When Johnny puts a Soc out of his misery, the tension increased. There are many different reasons why the rivalry may occur. One is to obtain the territory. In the text, when the Socs came to pummel Ponyboy and Johnny, Pony questioned them about being on their terrain. Another one could be just to prove themselves, which could be another rivalry established. A Social named Randy asked Ponyboy about what the fighting would prove, and Ponyboy realized that nothing was really to be proved by all

The Persistence of Memory Free Essays

Looking at the picture The Persistence of Memory by Salvador Dali, people can see an abstract aesthetic deep within. The landscapes associated with his childhood have become an inspiration for his paintings. When he grew up, Dali still spent his time to painting the Catalonia’s landscape elaborately. We will write a custom essay sample on The Persistence of Memory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Completed in 1931, The Persistence of Memory became one of his well-known paintings. This famous artwork is called â€Å"Dali ‘s hand painted dream photographs†, and it is simultaneously read as a painting depicting landscape, still life, and self-portrait. As I find curious in this abstract, I use many researches in reference book and Internet in order to look for the meaning of this picture so far. One interesting idea is about the melting watches that inspire randomly. In one hot August afternoon in 1931, as Dali was having lunch on his work bench, suddenly an idea of paranoiac hallucinations came to his mind. He took his pencil and slid under a bit of Camembert cheese, which was softer by the heating of summer weather, and started drawing. Dali came up with an idea about the melting watches as the main subject. These soft melting watches convey Dali’s primary philosophy about the â€Å"softness† and the â€Å"hardness†. The melting watches are one symbol that is commonly associated with Salvador Dali’s Surrealism. They are literally meant to show the irrelevance of time. According to the Wikipedia website, one famous art history professor named Dawn Ades wrote, â€Å"The soft watches are an unconscious symbol of the relativity of space and time, a Surrealist meditation on the collapse of our notions of a fixed cosmic order. In addition, there are some interesting subjects appearing in this painting such as the craggy rocks of Catalonia spreading out further away. This is the place where he grew up, and also indeed the association with his painting The Persistence of Memory. It shows a typical Dalinian landscape with his beloved Cape Creus (a peninsula and a headland located at Mediterranean) in the background. In the foreground, there is an orange clock at the b ottom left of the painting, which is covered in ants. Beside, the figure in the middle of the painting can be recognized as a human figure in a dream state that Dali uses to represent himself, as the artwork became a self-portrait, maybe. Looking closely as the details, we see the abstract form has one closed eye with curvy eyelashes, as it falls into a dream state. The melting clock laid on top symbolizes the passing time experienced in a dream. The bottom left of a painting usually is a death spot; people perceive a painting by reading the focus elements, then following the direction it points too. Sometimes leads to death point. But in this picture, the plate is oval to top right, leading the viewers up back to the watches that can make viewers focus on the foreground. As the technique of drawing, the painting presents a linear perspective. The tree, the table, the clocks stand out in the foreground, but they are colored with a darker color. This lets the bright yellow cliffs and the blue water shinning in the background as it helps to emphasize the landscape of Dali’s childhood. The contrast of bright and dark color also creates the intensity of â€Å"real† and imagination of the â€Å"composition† Well, in my opinion, I perceive things rights at this part because dark color means dark reality, and bright color means dreamy, but in this picture is the opposite. Dark color is unrealistic world; bright color may be his memory on the beautiful land. His reality now is dark and shallow that represents the watch is the time has passed in his life. As the choices of color, this artwork has used a bright white and blue in the top left hand corner and then fading up into the darkness. There is an orange clock in the bottom left hand corner sticks out of the brown and black foreground. The cool colors include the sky, and three melting watches that are harmony with the rest of landscape’s color. This painting represents a linear perspective. The objects in front of the piece, the tree, the clocks, the table stand out more than the objects that the artist wants the viewers to notice like the mountain, the sky, the ocean, and the rocks in the background. Even though they are the main points in this painting, they are less of focusing than the melting clocks in the foreground. Dali interpretation gives much confusion for critics and art lovers. Partly because Dali’s work is to convey a concept of two different sides: real and imagination. For example, The Persistence of Memory is a landscape painting produced based on the landscape that Dali saw in his childhood. In the background is a beach with sand and water, rock and cliffs. These details represent real subjects in life. Yet, in the foreground, there are some melting watches and an unrecognizable figure sliding over the rocks in the center of the painting. The melting watches and the strange figure can be seen as products of his imagination, and the cliffs which is a place in Catalonia depicts Dali’s childhood memory. The Persistence of Memory is named itself. It resembles for Port Lligat, the home of Salvador Dali. He tried to expose his hometown with sand, beach, branch tree, rock and cliff. Still, there are many interpretations in this painting. Some we can understand, others are hard to explain. Perhaps the images of the melting watches are really nothing more than the ideas that Dali was inspired by the Camembert cheese melt in a warm sunny day. As I find Dali’s artwork intriguing and repulsive, his painting looks really realistic, creative, and stunning. He was the person that could put the photorealistic images on a canvas. His style noted as a Surrealist, which was influenced by famous psychologist who led him to explore his fears and fantasies, or possible, a crazy idea. This is the reason I choose his artwork because through them, he brings me a new concept that looks abnormal at firs but then really intense as I discover deepen into its meanings. Salvador Dali was a great artist, a man who is not ashamed to show his feeling. Through The Persistence of Memory, I felt like it is a perfect example for Dali’s style, very surrealist and realistic. No matter what is said about the painting, this work has stood the test of time as it has a great influence on pop culture today. Salvador Dali has become an icon for a generation that is interested in the abstract and distortion of reality. How to cite The Persistence of Memory, Papers

Status Of Women In Islam Essays - Bereshit, Book Of Genesis

Status Of Women In Islam The Status of Woman in IslamThe status of woman in Islam constitutes no problem. The attitude of the Qur'an and the early Muslims bear witness to the fact that woman is, at least, as vital to life as man himself, and that she is not inferior to him nor is she one of the lower species. Had it not been for the impact of foreign cultures and alien influences, this question would have never arisen among the Muslims. The status of woman was taken for granted to be equal to that of man. It was a matter of course, a matter of fact, and no one, then, considered it as a problem at all. In order to understand what Islam has established for woman, there is no need to deplore her plight in the pre-Islamic era or in the modern would of today. Islam has given woman rights and privileges which she has never enjoyed under other religious or constitutional systems. This can be understood when the matter is studied as a whole in a comparative manner, rather than partially. The rights and responsibilit ies of a woman are equal to those of a man but they are not necessarily identical with them. Equality and sameness are two quite different things. This difference is understandable because man and woman are not identical but they are created equals. With this distinction in mind, There is no problem. It is almost impossible to find even two identical men or women. This distinction between equality and sameness is of paramount importance. Equality is desirable, just, fair; but sameness is not. People are not created identical but they are created equals. With this distinction in mind, there is no room to imagine that woman is inferior to man. There is no ground to assume that she is less important than he just because her rights are not identically the same as his. Had her status been identical with his, she would have been simply a duplicate of him, which she is not. The fact that Islam gives her equal rights - but not identical - shows that it takes her into due consideration, ackn owledges her, and recognizes her independent personality. It is not the tone of Islam that brands woman as the product of the devil or the seed of evil. Nor does the Qur'an place man as the dominant lord of woman who has no choice but to surrender to his dominance. Nor was it Islam that introduced the question of whether or not woman has any soul in her. Never in the history of Islam has any Muslim doubted the human status of woman or her possession of soul and other fine spiritual qualities. Unlike other popular beliefs, Islam does not blame Eve alone for the First Sin. The Qur'an makes it very clear that both Adam and Eve were tempted; that they both sinned; that God's pardon was granted to both after their repentance; and that God addressed them jointly. (2:35-36;7:19, 27; 20:117-123). In fact the Qur'an gives the impression that Adam was more to blame for that First Sin from which emerged prejudice against woman and suspicion of her deeds. But Islam does not justify such prejudi ce or suspicion because both Adam and Eve were equally in error, and if we are to blame Eve we should blame Adam as much or even more. The status of woman in Islam is something unique, something novel, something that has no similarity in any other system. If we look to the Eastern Communist world or to the democratic nations, we find that woman is not really in a happy position. Her status is not enviable. She has to work so hard to live, and sometimes she may be doing the same job that a man does but her wage is less than his. She enjoys a kind of liberty which in some cases amounts to libertinism. To get to where she is nowadays, woman struggled hard for decades and centuries. To gain the right of learning and the freedom of work and earning, she had to offer painful sacrifices and give up many of her natural rights. To establish her

EthicsSayaka CaryHUMS 102-30BJill Tartaglione16 Oc Essays

EthicsSayaka CaryHUMS 102-30BJill Tartaglione16 Oc Essays EthicsSayaka CaryHUMS 102-30BJill Tartaglione16 October 2016For the first case, the clinician's name is Mykeisha Frazier, LSW. The license number is 33005672A, and the date filed was August 9th, 2016. The clinician neglected her work, and had false documentation of her visiting her patients but did not. She falsified patient records to make it appear she had provided services to them that were not actually provided, and included false information about the patient's medical status, social status, and overall well-being. The clinician abandoned and neglected her elderly hospice patients without making reasonable arrangements for the continuation of services by documentation. This is a big problem for the client and the profession because of her dishonesty, and the client/patients are not getting the care they need. Her dishonesty and false documentation is fraud, and a joke to her profession because she is not taking it seriously. The clinician received five violations. The first ethi cal code 25-1-9-4(a)(3) section 1.15 by knowingly violating a rule regulating the social work profession when she did not ensure her patients continued to receive services when she was not visiting them. The second ethical code 25-1-9-4(a)(3) by not ensuring her patients continued to receive services when she was not visiting them. The third ethical code 25-1-9-4(a)(3) section 3.04 by knowingly violating a rule regulating the social work profession when she falsified patient records to make it appear she had provided services to them that were not actually provided. The fourth ethical code 25-1-9-4(a)(3) section 4.04 when she engaged in fraud, deceit, and dishonesty by documenting visiting patients she did not actually visit and including false information in the patients' medical status. The fifth ethical code 25-1-9-4(a)(1)(B) by engaging in fraud or material deception in the course of professional services or activities as evidenced by documenting as having visited elderly hospic e patients when she did not actually see them. In order to remain ethical, advice that I would give the clinician is providing why she could not make it to her client's visits as well as not documenting false information that she was there. She should not falsify patient records either. For the second case, the clinician's name is Jackie A. Mower, L.C.S.W., L.C.A.C. The license number is 34005752A, 87001322A and was filed February 18, 2016. The clinician had a drug test that indicated positive results for amphetamines and benzodiazepines. She was terminated from Good Samaritan for using methamphetamine while at work, endangering the public by impairing her ability to practice safely. This is a severe problem for her client and profession because she is putting herself and her clients in danger by performing under the influence of drugs. She would not be able to exercise reasonable care and diligence due to ability impaired by the drugs. She could even hurt her client, being under th e influence. The clinical received two counts. The first ethical code 25-1-9-4(a)(4)(D) in that Respondent has continued to practice although unfit practice due to addiction to, abuse of, or severe dependency upon alcohol or other drugs that endanger the public by impairing her ability to practice safely, reporting to work while under the influence of amphetamines and benzodiazepines. The second ethical code 25-1-9-4(a)(4)(A), as defined by 844 IAC 5-1-1-(15), by engaging in a pattern of conduct which demonstrates inability to exercise reasonable care and diligence as is normally exercised by practitioners. In order to remain ethical, advice I would give the clinician is to get help immediately. Her abuse of drugs can be very damaging to her health, and I would recommend that she goes to a rehabilitation center to seek help, or at least talk to someone. Before further damaging her health, I would highly recommend that she goes to a doctor and/or get some sort of counseling to deal w ith her addiction. For the third case, the clinician's name is Budd D. Teare. The license number is 35001150A, and was filed March 10, 2016. The clinician engaged in a dual relationship with an IWU alumnus, F.C. including inappropriate email communication, while F.C. was his student and continuing after she graduated. He also engaged in a second dual relationship with a student, K.K., blurring the lines of an appropriate supervisor-student relationship. He was removed

Are You Self-Critical I Sure Am.

Are You Self-Critical I Sure Am. An opportunity for rejection This weekend I took a workshop with Wright as part of a year-long training I’m doing there. On Saturday evening we received an assignment to talk to strangers and get rejected by them. One option for conversation was to tell people about the Wright workshop and invite them to attend. Despite my terror at being viewed as a proselytizer, I took it on. I figured anything that made me that terrified was worth doing. The next thing I knew I was walking up to a woman sitting in front of a burrito shop in Chicago, taking in her look of skepticism, and saying â€Å"I know this is really weird, but†¦Ã¢â‚¬  A few minutes later I had fielded many objections as well as multiple claims that she was not interested: I was not with any sort of religious organization; people from out of state could do the workshop; and all kinds of people, from teens to military to owners of writing and editing companies, got value from the program. A breakthrough It didn’t take long for her to start sharing with me about her husband and how he could really benefit from a program like this, and about her special needs child; in the end she was the one who told me her name without my asking. And she took information about the program with real interest. Everyone I told this story to was blown away by how I continued to talk to this woman despite her multiple attempts to make me go away. I quite possibly made a difference in another human being’s life because I was willing to act despite my fear. In my small group for the weekend, I was voted to share the story with the larger group. But†¦ My self-talk was that this was just me using my sales skills. When I had an opportunity to share about my interaction with a room full of 60 people, I didn’t tell them how awesome I was. I talked about my fear of rejection (which obviously I did not let get in my way). I received some spot-on coaching about my choice of what to share and was left wishing I had just told the story about how I connected with the woman in front of the burrito shop. I immediately started beating myself up that I hadn’t done it right. I wanted a do-over!! (Sound familiar?) I was so self-critical, in fact, that I could barely concentrate on the program for the next several hours †¦ until †¦ I got to watch someone else get coaching on her own self-critic. Suddenly, watching it outside of myself, I was able to feel the hurt of holding on to my critic- really feel it- and I started to ease up on myself ever-so-slightly. Before this experience, I think all I did with my inner critic was to criticize myself for having such a loud one. This time, feeling the pain and emotion of what it’s like in my head, I started to have compassion for her. I’m not getting rid of my critic, mind you. She’s very useful to have around and allows me to correct a lot of things that might otherwise remain a mess. She motivates me to grow and learn. But I’d like her to have less of a hold on me so I have my full energy and brain power to focus on things like reaching out to people and taking on other terrifying, exhilarating tasks in life. Maybe you’d like to cultivate more compassion for your inner critic? Do you tell stories in a way that gives yourself less than full credit? Do you frequently find yourself wanting a â€Å"do-over†? What difference would it make in your life if you could have compassion for the critical voice in your head?

Love.Ethical Dilemma of repeat Valve replacement Essay

Love.Ethical Dilemma of repeat Valve replacement - Essay Example This dysfunction in turn causes a need for re-operation of the patients, due to complications arising such as the structural deterioration of bioprosthesis. Though the chances of patient mortality when undergoing a repeat operation are high, there has always been re-operations to such patients (Antunes, 1992). An ethical question arises to why a patient should be re-operated, yet in so doing, the chances of that patient’s death are increased. In the subsequent operations after the first one, the causes of patient’s death changes from the structural deterioration of the bioprosthesis to valvular leak. This is what further increases the chances of death. With such knowledge though, MVR has continued to be done over the years. Furthermore, subsequent re-operations have continued to be undertaken on patients, even though they increase their chances of death. However, the justification to this is that there are chances of saving the lives of the patients, even though such chances continues to diminish with each re-operation done (Antunes, 1992). Although performing re-operation to patients well knowing that it increases their chances of death seems unethical, there is a need to have it since the patient’s chances of surviving are increased by the re-operation, than when they are left to die of valvular

The white progressives in the 20th century Essay

The white progressives in the 20th century - Essay Example The imperialist inclination of the white progressives of the early 20th Century is seen in their support for the acquisition of territories. One such territory according to Pestritto and Atto was the Territory of Alaska. This territory was bought from Russia, a move that was strongly rejected by many citizens. The progressives supported imperialist ideologies because they advocated for the repeal of the Canadian Reciprocity Act. This act sought to establish free trade between the United States and Canada. In its place, they demanded the instigation of tariffs that would strengthen the competitiveness of the United States. According to them, the present tariff policy was hindering the industrial and commercial advancement of the United States. White progressives’ support for imperialist ideas is also exemplified in their emphasis for declining any treaty between the United States and any other country that did not recognize the superiority of America or expatriation. This demon strates their amplified perception of the country and their unfair view of other nations. Finally, the concept of the progressive party is another proof of their imperialism. In its search for support from citizens, it invited affiliation with outright disregard for potential supporters’ affiliation to other parties. It spoke in a way to show that all other parties were flawed and there was no implication that the party could cooperate with other parties in its quest to execute the principles it popularized.

Employment Relationship in Industrial Relations

Employment Relationship in Industrial Relations The employment relationship between an employer and an employee has often led to being described by two different terms ‘Industrial Relations or ‘Employee Relations. These, though seen as interchangeable terms often have been under the scrutiny of writers. Employee relations in general can be seen as a relationship between any employer and his workers, i.e., be it in the form of domestic labour, self-employed employers or professionals. On the contrary, Industrial Relations take into account employment in all spheres where economy activity takes place, i.e., industrial relationship. Since there is a misconception that Industrial Relations is just concerned with the study of trade unions, strikes, labour markets etc., and hence in some books writers have used the term employee relations to evade these among general public. However, in context with UK, the term industrial relations is seen to be more appropriate. Industrial relations is a multidisciplinary field and is influenced by a lot of internal as well as external factors. The main actors that play an important role in affecting a countrys industrial relations system are employers and management of an organisation, third-party agencies like the state and finally, employees and their representatives, i.e., trade unions. However, it must be noted that each of these actors have functions towards themselves as well as towards the role of other actors. In other words, there is a dependency between all of them. Brief Overview of the Current Changes in Industrial Relations over the last three decades In the last three decades, i.e., since 1980s the industrial relations in Britain has undergone a massive reform. The major changes undergone include the demise of collective bargaining, decline in trade union recognitions and membership density, a reduction in the number of strike activities and an increase in the intervention on law in the industrial relations since 1979. Moreover, there have been reforms in the organisation of the work which is related to restructuring of labour market, new management practices adopted by the employers and globalisation. However, in order to understand how these changes have played a role and influenced the present industrial relations, it is important to have a look at the historical background of it prior to the reforming. Industrial Relations in UK Historical Overview, i.e., before 1979 Earlier, it was seen that the central matter of industrial relations in UK was the concept of ‘free collective bargaining, a term introduced by the Webbs and developed in practice by the trade unions. According to this, the rights of the employees like wage determination among others were supported by the trade unions present in organisations. It was their peak presence during 1960s and 1970s which contributed to the decline of UKs economy because of them leading to increasing unemployment and lower productivity. The employers believed in the old tradition of unscientific management where all the costs regarding technical staff as well as capital were kept to minimum. And any alternative systems regarding organisation of work and for controlling of labour were looked upon as risky. Also, it was seen that the state was not looked upon as a part of the industrial relations system and a contributor towards labour strength due to both the employers and trade unions implying collect ive bargaining or voluntarism phenomenon (as it was called) not wanting any kind of legal intervention. Unions believed that the presence of law might take away workers from unionising and hence just believed in a labour law system and moreover, since employers looked for employee cooperation and productivity, they encouraged trade unions. Owing to all these factors, the Industrial Relations in UK till 1960s started being looked as a problem because of low wage, low productivity and increasing strike activity. Therefore, the concept of reforming it was a prime concern. Now we shall see how there has been change in the management of industrial relations during the last three decades and what does it tell us about the influence of the three major actors on the current framework of industrial relations in UK. Change in the Role of State and Law and its influence During the last three decades, there has been a drastic change in the legislative frameworks with the coming up of Conservative Governments during 1980s and 1990s and the Labour Party beyond 1997 contributing to the development of participation by the law in industrial relations moving beyond the traditional voluntary approach among organisations. The criticism by pluralists that state couldnt play any role in industrial relations was not justified during the Conservative Government Period of 1979-1997. During this period, the government curbed the presence of the trade unions and eradicated the collective bargaining phenomenon with an aim to restricting individual employment rights, giving more freedom to the employers. However, owing to the EUs directive influence on the domestic UK Law, there were a number of issue mismatches between the UK policies and the EU employment policy. As a result of which, UK opted out of the EU Community. Nevertheless, the influence of the EU is still seen there. These de-regulatory measures did not contribute much towards juridification of the industrial relations and the employment relationship was still determined voluntarily. Also, due to the changing law, it was seen that in the period after 1980s and 1990s, the number of days which had been lost in dealing with strikes suffered a decrease indicating that the strike pattern in UK observed a diminishing trend. The influences of these successive Conservative Governments show that the role of the state has had only a negative impact on industrial relations. Though, a number of acts and commissions were developed in order to combat certain issues, but the outcome was very different. In regard to the trade unions, The Employment Act in 1982 made sure that they suffered penalties for all their wrong doings as a result of which the statutory immunities enjoyed by them were gradually reduced. This showed the restoration of the private law. Also the restrictive re-regulation of collective action made changes in the unfair dismissal law to protect the rights of strikers. Both these regulatory techniques made sure that a fully functional labour market was restored unlike before. However, it is noted that though the legislative change provided unions with some national leadership like controlling of strike ballots, it has also led to the deterioration of the financial expenses of the unions. Similarly, the rising influence of the European Community Law saw policies like equality in pay for equality in work between men and women and employment protection taking place in Britain. In spite of restoration of the Equal Pay for Equal Work in 1983, the negative economic outcomes of legislative action relation to pay and productivity have been there. The removal of wage councils has led to pay differences in low-wage sectors and hence widened the pay inequalities in UK. As for the contribution of legislation in improving economic performance, it has only been seen in areas where unionism and closed-shops have eradicated. Moreover, it was Conservatives who were keen on the idea â€Å"of de-regulating labour markets and removing ‘obstacles to the free operation of market forces (Blyton and Turnbull, 1998)† for which they wanted to remove trade unions. However, adopting a strategy based on cost-reduction (i.e., the least labour costs) in times of high levels of unemployment, bad economic activity state, deficits in payments etc., only led to the uprising of an economy having low skill, productivity and wage along with being technologically backwards. Therefore, it is seen that although the successive Conservative laws has reformed the old traditions of UK industrial relations relying on centralised bargaining systems and absence of statutory rights but it hasnt managed to solve many of the problems like that of still continuing unemployment and no legal protection right with employees (be it collective or individualistic). But, post 1997, Labour Party came into force and has been there since then been, maintaining a balance between using legal regulation where required like in new concepts of national minimum wage, individual employee rights and supporting collective bargaining and employee representations along with retaining some earlier Conservatives approaches like restrictions on strikes and internal trade union procedures. But still some restrictions on industrial relations from previous times like the ballots are still there. Moreover, in this period UK signed up with the EU Social Charter which resulted in current legal framework developments like working time regulation and improved rights for non-standard workers among others. This new legislation has also affected the British industrial relations in a different number of ways with having positive along with negative implications. The current Labour Law sees that a legal intervention is a source of employment rights in Britain and the Labour Party seems to maintain labour flexibility with fair universal minimum standards unlike the previous governments. The most important piece of legislation introduced by the Labour Party was the introduction of National Minimum Wage and its influence is seen in the sense that it prevented employers from cutting pay and hence did not affect employment and inflation adversely. Also, in order to support collective bargaining, there was a statutory procedure to gain trade unions recognition under the Employment Relations Act 1999. Though, the current legal framework in UK shows there has not been an aim to remove old philosophies and accept new changes but the aim is to maintain continuity. Nevertheless, it is still evident that there have been tensions and contradictions due to the present Labour Government balancing between pressures from the domestic law as well as maintaining the standards of the EU employment law. This has led to compromises between many aspects like those between managerial freedom and workers relationship and not all EU developments being welcomed in spite of the no longer opposition to becoming a part of it. Furthermore, though the Labour Government has advocated social partnership and fairness, but it is unclear as to how it will achieve these by retaining the old Conservative Law practices of restriction on trade union governance and strikes along with ensuring flexibility in labour market. Also, in UK the employees still have no rights to bargain which is considered important by the all the other European states as necessary and legitimate elements for the industrial relations to work effectively. It is also questionable that how will productivity and flexibility increase in an environment of removed individualistic legal rights and counteracting collective representation. Change in Employers and Management Strategies and their outcomes The earlier British management style was predominant on collectivism but depended on a hostile union-management relationship along with the cost-driven individualism. Moreover, till 1980s, management as an actor in Industrial Relations was not given much importance due to it being considered as not interested in changing things and just responding to the other actors being trade unions and the state in its decision making. However, after the period of 1980s, management has started getting lot of attention owing to its increased activity in taking a lot of initiatives leading to the emergence of lot of key issues. Firstly, it is due to the development of management models which shows the respective roles of it as being a system actor, a strategic actor and a capital agent. However, all these three models arent sufficient to explain the role of management which is diverse consisting of complexity and variety. Secondly, due to the non-presence of legal regulations and multi-employer bargaining, it might be easy for British managers to opt for any choice but this is not as such and can be influenced by variables like sector, size, occupation etc., indicating the variety of management practices. Also, as the British economy shifted after 1980s, the industrial relations underwent a change and the interest of employers too changed. The current framework sees an attitude of social partnership and voice arising from EU policy giving much more rights to employees though not to a great extent as also indicated by the role of state. This new UK policy has begun to reshape the participation of the employees by a direct and an indirect impact and also though the increased legal regulation. Moreover, attempts to involve EI into management practices and consolidate and integrate voice measures indicate the confident approach of the current British management towards organisational participation. Furthermore, new management prerogatives have emerged with changes in the thinking of management and strategic intentions of large firms to manage labour with an emphasis on individualism moving away from the traditional norms of collectivism in 1970s. They are looking forward to a single-employer bargaining system which helps firms link its labour to the product market and brings in new payment systems and grades along with need for more flexibility, single unionism and individualisation of industrial relations. Therefore, this new strategy shows moving away from external market structures by linking industrial relations to the needs of business. In spite of all these changes, the influence of the new management too hasnt been that good. It is clear that employers after 1980s and 1990s adopted individualistic manners for determination of pay conditions and shift from the collectivism approach led to the introduction of two different styles involving high commitment practices in a union as well as non-union environment. However, what ais seen contrasting here is that, even though union presence led to encouraging efficient management along with the high commitment practices and partnership agreements with the employees relating to a new form of collective bargaining so as to increase productivity, still it has not been possible to identify the current style of management. The main reason seen to be is that after 1980s, the decline in unionism has allowed management wider choice to choose which style to adopt be it with unions or without. And evidence still suggests that â€Å"management are driven more by a cost-minimisation and opportunistic approach to employees, reflecting more than anything a traditional lifestyle (Edwards, P. 2003)†. Also, the deregulation of collective bargaining has led to the development of organisational employment systems with employment relations dependency on human resource management having minimized unionised role. Furthermore, there also have been problems with individualism or non-collective reforms stating that they cannot comply with a single formula. An example of this is seen from the fact that in order to restructure and reorganise its business when Knowco created an individualised employee relations it was faced with employee insecurity and low trust between managers and staff. And hence it is worth questioning that whether, the use of individualism will protect the firms or worsen competitive tendencies. These facts state that the present influence of management is to manage its employee relations both individually and collectively. To add to all this, despite decline in unions as a means of employee representations, still more and more companies are indulging in partnership in the presence or absence of trade unions. And even though there has been a shift from conflicting industrial relations to a one with new employment trends, still the new employers and unions have a striking relationship. This is due to the new management strategy model consisting of its effects on trade unions and partnerships. Hence, even without partnership or with it, trade-unions will have to make organisational participation work as well as manage tensions and conflicts in employment relationship skilfully. Lastly, it should be pointed that the managements main aim is cooperation and compliance both in regard with its employees, but the problem faced by the former till date is the old managerial issue of maintaining a labour which is cost-effective, productive and co-operates. This is due to the fact that the management in UK still relies on short-term tendencies. Moreover, the absence of the trust between employees and management is the biggest obstacle for a better industrial relations system in UK. This is evident from the so called Labour Partys social partnership strategy, according to which where there are no employee rights either governed by law or through rights in a de-regulated market; employees can just trade their pay for their labour resulting in exploitation by employers. Therefore, for management to effectively contribute for the development of better Industrial Relations and improve the UK industry, it should bring about a change in its attitudes so as to build up trust and confidence in its workers along with concentrating on enhancement of productivity than maintain cost-minimising approach. Changes in Trade Unions and their influence Though the unions have been at their highest peak till 1979, but after this with the emergence of the Conservative Governments, there has been a decline in Union membership from 55% in 1979 being at its peak to 33% presently along with a huge demise in collective bargaining indicating a continual drop in trade union recognition after 1980s. Though, union membership is required, but if it doesnt influence dealings with the management it is not worth anything. The 2004 WERS survey showed that in comparison to the 1998 survey there has been a fall in union recognition from 33 to 27 percent. Also, 77 percent managers agreed that they would directly speak with the employees instead of wanting trade unions to fight for employee rights in comparison to 8 percent who disagreed to it. Moreover, 33 percent stated that unions dont help in improving performance at the workplace in comparison to 23 percent who agreed that they improve. These results show that management believes in generally sett ing terms for its workers, with legislation, trade unions and industry agreements playing a minimalist role. In the current scenario, by means of interviews with different industry employers and unions, a case study shows the impact of Employment Relations Act (ERA) 1999 on trade unions and employers. According to the study, there has been a widespread agreement between the two with employers recruiting mangers with an ability to deal with unions showing no hostility towards unions and unions tolerating the legal law interference by the government. Most of the employers have agreed to the statutory recognition of the unions and started reviewing their policy of anti-unionism. Though they have accepted the presence of unions, still they give them limited rights seeking their views for organisational changes but giving them no influence on pay-setting. However, while giving employees consultative rights, ERA moves away from the contemporary industrial relations practices taking it back to the adversarial system. This can affect trade unions by giving them a chance to develop their presence wi th no-members. This indicated that collectiveness of workers is returning but with an attitude of representative and consultative agreements rather that the old norm of free collective bargaining. Contrary to this is a fact that though this collectiveness gives consultations rights, it might make unions have more influence on employers by the former just letting the latter know of the key issues and this might make them freer from the dependence on the fundamental levels of the lay activists. This weakening of power of the unions can be attributed to have taken place due to a variety of global changes highlighting an employment shift from unionised to non-unionised sectors due to competitive product markets and internationalisation of labour markets. Also, restructuring of employment led to more self employment and a fragmented workforce with the size of the workplace being smaller, indicating challenges for the unions to recruit elsewhere which they couldnt afford due to lack of resources and organisation skills. Though a contrasting point was that in 1980s during unemployment rise in the entire Europe, when all countries unions brought a wage cut to stir employment opportunities, UK was the only exception with its distribution of wages brining a real gain. A discussion on union membership in countries outside and within OECD during 1970-2003 showed that there is a level of decline in the union density in many of these countries (except four) with unions being more popular in public than private sectors. This was also evident from the WERS 2004 Survey, according to which union density in public sector was 64 percent compared to meagre 22 percent in the private sector. Although there was a probability that more male members were a part of unions but females too were there though in public sectors noted again by the WERS Survey (53 percent women being members compared to 46 percent men). The most important feature which came out from the discussion was that age plays a major role in deciding to be a member in unions and it follows an inverted U-shape with maxima at 50. This is due to a main factor that since young and new workers in a union are usually paid less than that of the older union workers, it becomes an added advantage to employ ers to hire them. Also, a number of possibilities arise like older union members quit their jobs and get promoted to non-union jobs in order to increasing their earning levels, older members though enjoy union benefits, they forget to pay their union due etc. The increasing decline in Unions in 1980s and 1990s along with the increase in non-union workplaces show that the reversal of this trend is unlikely. However, these findings indicate that unions now know how they can get recognition through different routes (example: the participation in ballots) by the ERA. But, the potential of this act to control decline can be seen as a future research agenda for industrial relations. Unions have not been able to influence the Industrial Relations in a positive way, in spite of the fact that during the reforms of unions in 1980s and 1990s, their decline has been able to stop the decline of UKs economy to an extent, because of the new legislation adopting a ‘third way of interaction between the government and the unions, thereby eradicating the phenomenon of anti-unionism. They still are faced with a number of challenges. The key problem is that there is still rivalry between unions for members in UK which leads to a lack in coordination between union movements and depicts further problems of recruitment and organisation. They also have to deal with the challenges of their decreasing membership along with the increasing managerial attack in the form of policies of cost-reduction leading to the unions having to bear a scope with limited finances. Also, there has been evidence by a research conducted on to test unemployment measures effects on inflation results , which lead to the fact that high union density can cause unemployment and hence shouldnt be there. Finally, though the presence of the traditional unionism approach of collective bargaining can although lead to a less attrition rate, it also contributes to low productivity and poor performance in jobs in firms. Thereby, it should be stated that in order for the industrial relations in UK to not crumble further and rise again, the unions have to find a way to deal with these current problems. Conclusion In the end we should examine whether Industrial Relations in UK has really improved from the previous times. There have been some positive as well as negative outcomes. Firstly, though there has been a decline in the number of strike activities saving work stoppage days but other problems have also arisen particularly relating to an increase in number of ACAS or tribunal cases with employees complaining about the behaviour of their employers. This suggests that the climate at workplaces still shows a dispute between managers and employees perceptions. Secondly, diminishing collective measures and resorting to individual measures indicate the present scenario has little place or role for trade unions to influence events. However, a contrary point to this is that, the concept of individualism is already seen as a failure and hence the recognition for the efficaciousness as well as legitimacy of representation by collective interest is seen to be encouraged both by the UK as well as the European Law. Also, the efficacy of challenging systems of workers involvement, i.e., partnership and high performance workplaces indicate more scope for trade unionism analysis in future. Finally, in spite of the fact that Labour Party will maintain legal regulations in employment conditions and markets, UK becoming a part of the EU Social Charter, leads to the imposition of EU laws into the national laws which can have implications on domestic laws like the directive introduced in national system for informing and consulting workers. To sum it all it can be said that the Industrial Relations in UK can be improved to a greater extent if all the actors in it, i.e., state, management and trade unions realise the need for long-term measures indicating a wider area for the rights of employees and the joint regulation of the employment relationship.

Merton’s strain theory Essay

Merton used Durkheim’s concept of anomie to form his own theory, called Strain Theory. Merton argued that anomie is not created by dramatic social change, but rather by a social structure that holds the same goals to all its members without giving them equal means to achieve them. Merton stated that all members of a capitalist society have goals such as â€Å"wealth, status and personal happiness†, (Merton, 1938) and that the means available to achieve this success are unevenly distributed throughout society. Merton believes that this lack of integration between society goals and what society realistically permits causes the less dominant or lower class group to suffer ‘strain’ which results in alternate or illegitimate ways of achieving those goals. (Merton, 1938) Merton did not mean that everyone who was denied access to society’s goals became deviant. He presented five modes of adapting to strain. Conformity is the most common mode of adaptation. Individuals accept both the goals as well as the prescribed means for achieving those goals. Conformists will accept, though not always achieve, the goals of society and the means approved for achieving them. The people who make up this unit are mostly middle and upper-class individuals. The innovators are typically lower-class people who desire a high-class life and focus on achieving it. Their means of success would be ones such as robbery, embezzlement or other such criminal acts. Ritualism, the third adaptation, is made up of the people who abandon the goals they once believed to be within their reach and dedicate themselves to their current lifestyle; they play by the rules and have a daily safe routine. Retreatism is the adaptation of those who give up not only the goals but also the means. They often retreat into a world of alcoholism and drug addiction. The final adaptation is rebellion, which occurs when the cultural goals and the legitimate means are rejected and are substituted by the individuals own goals and means. (Merton, 1938) Shoplifting is defined as â€Å"the theft by a person of goods or merchandise exposed for sale.† (Denver Crime Definition, 2002) Accurate data on shoplifting is not widely available because it’s largely considered a ‘petty’ crime and its occurrence is not always reported to police. A study of the reported cases of shoplifting found that it occurs most at liquor  outlets, pharmacies and general stores. To a lesser extent reported shoplifting occurs at service stations, news agencies and restaurants. (A.I.C. no.221, 2002) The people at most risk of victimization are those who work at general stores, service stations, pharmacies and liquor outlets. (A.I.C. no.221, 2002) Shoplifting primarily affects the stores owner/s and employees as it hinders revenue, raises operational costs and creates inaccurate stock levels. Shoplifting also causes stress among co-workers which can lead to stressful working environments. (A.I.C. no.11, 2004) Shoplifting has a high involvement of both female and juvenile offenders and the majority of shoplifters are of low class or unemployed. (A.I.C.: Australian Crime Facts & Figures, 2004) People shoplift because they are unable to gain access to the institutional means to achieve the goals they desire – whether it is food to feed themselves or their families, or materialistic items to increase their status. This relates to shoplifting as the vast majority of cases as it is done predominantly by the lower class or unemployed population. This also explains why there is a lack of middle and high class participants in shoplifting, as they have greater access to legitimate means to achieve their goals. (Merton, 1938) Shoplifting is often done by the unemployed as an act of innovation, not retreatism, rebellion, or ritualism. The unemployed desire the achievement of cultural goals of society but have an illegitimate access to the institutional means. Conformity can be used to explain why the majority of people do not shoplift, people who conform iternalise both the cultural goals of society and the structural means for doing so. (Merton, 1938) There are a few areas that Merton’s strain theory fails to explain in relation to shoplifting. His theory does not explain shoplifting committed by people who have high financial status; these people are not conformists, nor are they innovators. However, Merton’s strain theory fits well with explaining the majority of shoplifting. He predicted that most criminals  fall into the innovator category, which does explain the majority of shoplifting cases.

Black Swan Psychology Review - 1700 Words

Using Behavioral Therapy to Treat Borderline Personality Disorder The Black Swan is a psycho thriller film that narrates the demise of a young talented twenty-some year old ballerina named Nina Sayers. The story begins with the main character Nina anticipating her lead role as the Swan Queen in the upcoming new production of Swan Lake. This new version of Swan Lake as presented by the artistic director, Thomas Leroy, tells the story of a virginal girl that is trapped in the body of a White Swan. The White Swan desires to be free but only true love can break her spell. Soon as a handsome prince falls in love with the delicate White Swan and is about to announce his love for her, the White Swan’s lustful twin (the Black Swan) steals the†¦show more content†¦Another case is where Nina develops a social avoidance towards others, only to have regular social interactions with her mother. With no subsequent positive reinforcement from other people, other than maybe her mother, Nina has become very suspicious of the intentions of those around her, which might explain why she is often alone and has no friends. A treatment approach for Nina would include the operant conditioning. By identifying the undesired behaviors (i.e., self-mutilating), we wish to decrease in frequency and use negative reinforcement that will allow Nina to avoid an aversive state that would later decrease the likelihood of that undesired behavior. We would first want to identify the cause to her self-mutilation and attribute a particular behavior to carry on the negative reinforcement. So as Nina’s anxiety begins to escalate and begins to profusely scratch her shoulder, Nina should practice certain breathing exercises that will reduce her stress and possibly even decrease her chance of experiencing a hallucination. 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